Sociological Analysis On Attention Deficit Hyperactivity...

Sociological Analysis of ADHD Introduction â€Å"ADHD† stands for â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder†, while many people use the word disorder and disease as if they were one and the same, they are in fact not. While a disease is an incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment. (disease) A disorder is more of a disruption of a mental state in which causes physical or mental problems. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a disorder that causes a poor attention span, easy distractibility, hyperactivity, and†¦show more content†¦genetics, different brain chemicals, environment, behavior management at school v. home, drug abuse, and exposure to toxins from an early age. In 1993 Thom Hartmann proposed the hunter-farmer theory of ADHD in his book â€Å"Attention Deficit Dis order- A Different Perception†. In this theory he states that back in time, approximately 10,000 year ago, before farming and agriculture was a part of everyday life, people needed hunters to provide food. These ‘hunters’ possessed specialized survival traits: hyper-focus for short intense periods of time, an ability to be ‘distractible’-scanning the horizon for game or threats, and a necessity to be completely ‘in the moment’. Though farming did exist, it was not as wide scale as it is today, and the need for hunters was much greater. (Ferguson) Diagnosis and Treatment ADHD is identified by using a diagnostic interview method. It is important that the study of the child being diagnosed include the history covering their present symptoms, an opposing diagnosis, comorbid conditions, as well as medical, developmental, school,psychosocial, and family histories. It is also recommended to explore the reason for a request for evaluation of ADHD in the first place, as well as the different methods of treatment that had been used in the past. This test is not only unique to ADHD, it is also used in diagnosing other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. (National Institute

Management Fraud Free Essays

Management Fraud Angela Battle Aiu Online Outline Types of Fraud Stealing Money, Computers, Inventory Trips on business expense Finding a business trip idea by traveling close to family Paying bills for personal accounts with business account Normally this would be a bookkeeper Reimbursements Turning in receipts for personal use and claiming it was a business expense. Why Does It Occur One bad habit leading to another Once fraud is committed once, they will attempt is a second time. Employee trying to borrow from the company without legitimate paperwork. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Fraud or any similar topic only for you Order Now Embezzlement often is a way of life for some people. Loss of time or money from job Impact of Fraud Fraud is not unusual Most companies will have to deal with some sort of fraud at some time or another Financial Loss The money or items that have been taken is a loss for the company. Cost of the Investigation It takes time and money to investigate any case and to hold litigations. Reputation The reputation of the company could be in danger if the fraud is against something like Medicare or a government official. Could lead to a shut down and negative publicity Damaged Morale Damaged relationships with employees and co-businesses Loss of Employees Protecting Against Fraud Have the right attitude Don’t believe that most employees won’t steal â€Å"We have auditors that will catch it† Hire Smart Know as much as possible about every employee before hiring. Employee Knowledge Allow employees to know that they could be audited and that the company is watching. Internal Controls Audit periodically External Controls Do external audits if something looks incorrect. Mr. Wellington should say: Fraud can and has hurt many companies over the years. One type of fraud is management fraud that has been found. There are many ways that fraud can happen, and it normally starts off with something small. This could be anything from money to computers to inventory that all belongs to the company. This company knows what to look for and will be explained to each one of you, so that you will know what steps to take and what we are protecting. There are several ways that this hurts the company. First of all, the merchandise or expenses have been spent, so that is money out the window. Second of all, the money that it takes to investigate these types of problems. This can ruin the reputation of the company which could lead to a company wide shut down. This would create job loss for everyone at the company, especially if it is a government fraud. If it does not shut the company down, it could create doubt in many of the good employees and they would quit. Some companies have the wrong attitude when it comes to fraud. They will make statements like â€Å"Most employees will not steal† (Lang, A. 2001). Unfortunately, under the right circumstances, if they are under enough pressure and they think that it is justified, the vast majority of employees will steal. John J. Hall, a well-known fraud expert, estimates that 95 percent of employees will commit fraud given the right circumstances† (Lang, A. 2001). It is important for the companies to stay on track and not to put anything past anyone. Ways to reduce this risk is to create internal audits periodically. If anything suspicious comes up, then bring in external auditors that will have no relationships with the employees. Setup boundaries for the employees so that they can only get onto approved parts of the systems. Make sure every employee has an up to date copy of the company hand book that will state the consequences of fraud. Things that I feel strongly that should be included: Management should always be looking at what their employees are doing while at work. This should be maintained at all times. The management should know when to audit and when to reach for outside support. Maintaining the integrity of the company is the main objective to create job security for all the employees. The employees need to know what the procedures that is in place and know what will happen to them if they commit fraud. They should be automatically terminated and prosecuted. There is a zero tolerance for fraud for anyone at the company, from the CEO down to the regular worker. The management team has to be audited as well because they have all access to business fund, such as credit cards and specialized accounts. They have been known to turn in receipt for reimbursements that were for personal pleasures. They are known to order laptops stating that it is for business purposes and it not to be. My favorite statement that I have found for this matter is â€Å"Unfortunately, under the right circumstances, if they are under enough pressure and they think that it is justified, the vast majority of employees will steal. John J. Hall, a well-known fraud expert, estimates that 95 percent of employees will commit fraud given the right circumstances† (Lang, A. 2001). This is how most employees feel when they are caught or while committing the crime. References Lang, A Ricciardella, T (2001) Retrieved November 26, 2012 from: http://www. boardsource. org/dl. asp? document_id=19 How to cite Management Fraud, Essay examples

Obedience in One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay Example For Students

Obedience in One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay Through the viewing of the film One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, you see examples of obedience and disobedience that make you question the term itself. Many interesting observations can be made regarding obedience to authority and how that affects individual’s actions. These observations are very similar to those seen in Stanley Milgram’s article, â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† where the concept of obedience to authority is tested in the experiment. Continually throughout the movie One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, many of the patients continually stood up to the authority that daunted over them, but the reasons for their standing up is unclear as well as the time that they choose to do so. Milgram’s studies provide an extremely useful insight into the minds of the average person when confronted with authority, which could provide a deeper look into the issues in the film. One of the first occasions were one of the patients openly disregarded the authority pressed upon them was really as a group when they went on their fishing trip. Although there was an initial objection from Harding, eventually the men quickly came around and began to enjoy the feeling of being in the real world and blatantly standing up to authority. The reasoning behind the rebellion is unclear in this situation. It could be as simple as the fact that they have been blindly obeying for so long that any form of mutiny gave them a rush, which led to their enjoyment. Another reason could be that it felt so good to simply spite Ms. Ratched for all of the restrictions that she places on them to, in a way, show their disapproval. Looking deeper though, it could be seen that perhaps deep down they have always wanted to rebel against their authority as mentioned above, but that the reason for them acting upon it was the fact that they were in a group, and seeing that others were going along with it led them to follow suit. Many of these possible reasons were also prevalent in the Milgram studies. Although it is true that even in the Milgram studies we do not know exactly what led the â€Å"teachers† to finally quit their position, it can be assumed that the same reasoning was going through their brains as is going through the brains of the patients in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Another similar example in the film where the patients disobeyed their authority as a group was while voting on whether to watch or to not watch the World Series on television. Although just the previous day none of the patients were willing to vote to watch it due to Ms. Ratched’s heavy presence on them, something caused them just the next day to not only vote against Ms. Ratched, but to also be confident in doing so. The situation they were in did not change, and yet their actions did for no clear reason. It is clear in this scene that they all had strong influences on each other, because it all started with one person, Cheswick, and it slowly spread out from there until everyone was raising their hands. If, on the other hand, the patients were asked one by one to raise their hands to vote, the likely result would be that none of them would raise their hands. Despite this being a possible reason as to why they voted against their authority, it still does not explain the time that they chose to do so. It is puzzling that although they wanted to watch the game an equal amount the day before that they did not stand up that day, they did on the next. .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .postImageUrl , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:hover , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:visited , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:active { border:0!important; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:active , .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc53c7adef7372dabcf407682e8d091ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender Roles In The Movie Showgirls EssayA similar question can be asked about the Milgram experiments, which entails the fact that many of the â€Å"teachers† wished to end the experiment very early on, but after instructed to do so continued, and after every shock they expressed their disapproval and finally many of them did end it; but why did they not end as soon as they first wanted to rather than wait? Perhaps in both the Milgram cases and One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, the people in question required time to build up their confidence until they thought that they were strong enough to conquer the authority that stood in their way. Possibly one of the most interesting and thought-provoking events representing disobedience to authority in the film is during their last counseling meetings all together with Ms. Ratched. The first act of disobedience in this scene was when one of the patients (Spivey? ) asked Ms. Ratched why they locked their rooms up after they got up for breakfast and her response was that they would just go back to sleep if they didn’t lock the doors back up; the group’s response to this statement by Ms. Ratched is when they first begin to be disobedient at the meeting when they began to question their reasoning and how it was unfair, and Taber clearly asks, â€Å"You mean to say, it’s sick to want to be off to yourself? † Their disobedience does not end here though, soon after Cheswick presents the question to Ms. Ratched as to why she had begun to give them less and less cigarettes. Ratched claims that they were misusing them by gambling them away, but the patients counter that they are theirs to do as they please and that she should not be allowed to do such a thing. After much bickering and argument, Cheswick then reached a breaking point and yelled out to Ms. Ratched completely belittling her position of having authority over the patients. Although it is clear that an event like this chaos were to eventually happen in a place where they try to control people like they did at their mental hospital, it is unclear as to why it took so long for them to rebel. Many of the things in the hospital anger the patients to an extreme level, and considering that many of them are there voluntarily, it makes little sense as to why they would not express their disapproval the moment that it first bothered them. One thing that is unclear in this situation is the strong control that Ms. Ratched has over all of the patients. McMurphy’s arrival to the hospital and his immediate blatant disrespect to Ratched’s authority could have been the underlying cause that led these patients to soon begin to see the light again and express their opinions. Another reason could be that as all of these things that bothered them build up, eventually it causes them to reach their tipping point where they could not take any more of it and demanded a change. Both of these theories could also explain the results of the Milgram experiment. Similar to McMurphy helping the patients see the light; the â€Å"learner’s† screams and complaints could have similarly sparked a thought inside the â€Å"teacher’s† mind. As for the buildup theory in the film, it directly translates over to the Milgram experiments, as it could have been that as each shock was administered and each scream was heard, this added up until their conscience could not continue the experiment. Another situation of disregard to authority in the film was the morning event after Billy Bibbit spent the night with Candy. This responded with a cheer from the rest of the patients listening. It could have been the previous night of fun that had caused Billy to finally stand up to Ratched, which may have been so prevalent on his mind that he could not imagine Ratched being a good person if she did not want him to enjoy himself. Another theory could be that the normal days in the hospital had caused Billy to be someone he was not, and now that he finally felt normal he could be honest. .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 , .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .postImageUrl , .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 , .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:hover , .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:visited , .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:active { border:0!important; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:active , .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36 .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaac9d82ba443f54cca584ee79ef5ae36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Full Metal Jacket EssayThis theory mildly resembles the Milgram experiments in that the â€Å"teacher† may have been acting different than their normal self, due to this situation. While that may be true, it more strongly resembles the Zimbardo experiments, where the stimulated jail area completely changed the way that both the guards and prisoners acted in the situation. Up to this point all of the events in the movie of disobedience were not identical but of similar structure nonetheless, but the story of McMurphy does not fit along with these. While the rest of the patients seem to be blindly obedient until they began to change, McMurphy is blindly disobedient throughout the length of the film. His reasons for disobeying seem quite simple, just that if he disagreed with something, he would refuse to go along with it. There are many theories that try to explain the reasoning behind disobeying and the time at which were to do so, but not all of these theories correlate. All people disobey depending on how they feel about a subject, but some will not be willing to disobey alone and require a group to disobey with them. Some people need time to build up their courage to stand up and disobey authority, and yet some people just need the right situation to come along and they will be willing to move forward with the opinion. One thing that can be determined however, is that if something is happening that is unjust or that person does not agree with, eventually change must occur, many times in the form of a revolution or mutiny.

The History and Art of Music an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The History and Art of Music by Expert Dr Olivia | 27 Dec 2016 History of Music Music has been used in history even earlier than language has been used. Among others, if all cultures had something in common, it was that music had been a part of their history, has been known to influence and shape different cultures and have been part in the development of the society. Reciprocally, the cultures music is heavily influenced by many aspects about the society such as the pervading culture itself, the socio-economic situation, the environment, as well as the technology (History of Music, 2006). Need essay sample on "The History and Art of Music" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Music is influenced by the environment because the composers as part of the society cannot be separated from the context in which they belong. Thus, it can be said that music has been influencing and at the same time, is being influenced by the many factors that shape the society. This can be illustrated by most periods in history starting from the prehistoric to the present. People Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper in time? Essay writer professionals propose: Academic Paper Writing Services Professional Writers For Hire Write My Essay For Me Cheap Custom Essay Company The prehistoric times can be said to be the period when man was most unified with nature and it is not surprising for historians to theorize that music during that period was influenced by natural sounds such as birdsongs, wind blowing, and the rustles of leaves (Music, 2006). For civilization to proceed there must be a way of communication among men and in the prehistoric times, and historians believe that men use sounds imitated from nature to communicate with others. Music predating language is referred to as prehistoric music. Examples of such music include the Native American Music, Aboriginal Music and what non-European continents call folk, indigenous, or traditional music (History of Music, 2006). The term Ancient music refers to the music that followed Prehistoric. Their only difference is that ancient music existed in a period when man had become more civilized antedating the beginning of language (History of Music, 2006). As the different societies develop and as men became more civilized, so did the music and its purpose. But to all societies, the purpose of music was and is still among entertainment, celebration and religion. In Asia, particularly in China and Japan for example, music had been a part of court entertainment. Japan had religious songs, gathering songs and childrens songs. India, in its classical times used music as a religious inspiration addressed to their religious deities, as a form of cultural expression or pure entertainment (History of Music, 2006). History may show that music had similar purposes for different societies but the development of music in history has always been tracked through its evolution in the West, particularly, in Europe. Very little is known about the perse musical traditions of not only in other parts of the world but particularly in medieval Europe where as said earlier, was the point of reference in describing the history of music. It was only during the Middle Ages, when the power of the Roman Catholic Church was at its peak that these various musical traditions were unified (History of Music, 2006). During this time, musical development centered on the Church and very few music emerged that was not influenced by religion. This was because the Roman Catholic Church then was as powerful as to suppress any music that was not religiously inspired to favor liturgical music on the other hand. It is during this time that liturgical music, most popular at present as the Gregorian Chant started. It is thought that it was Pope Gregory I himself who had been the composer of the liturgical music. In addition, it was also during this period that polyphonic music was sung and notation was reinvented. The invention of polyphonic music and the reinvention of notation allowed many schools of music to flourish. Among which include the St. Martial School, Notre Dame School, Santiago de Compostela and the English School. With the rise of these schools was the development of secular songs which include the music of the troubadours, trouveres and Minnesanger from which evolved the early Renaissance musical forms (History of Music, 2006). Renaissance in Music began in Northern Europe. The early Renaissance music is said to be a reaction against the technicalities imposed by the previous styles. Music during this period contained balanced and less complex melody and balanced polyphony in all voices. From then, composers and musicians began spreading in Europe to be employed by the Church and the Aristocratic society such as the Medici, Este and Sforza. Several musical styles developed afterwards: there were styles of simplicity in sacred music which was developed by the Council of Trent; styles directed towards complexity which was best exemplified by the avant-garde style of the Venetian School. After revolutionary movements in music, which aimed to restore the music of the Ancient Greeks, monodic acts were developed. These monodic acts were what are now called the opera which beginning defined the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque from which, Instrumental music started its dominance (History of Music, 2006). During the Baroque period, the traditional Church music continued but it was secular music that became dominant. Sonatas and concertos were developed. The most dominant musical instruments during this period were the harpsichord and a bass instrument, either viola or bassoon. Baroque music was known for its improvisation (Merker, 2000). It was during this period that prominent composers like Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel and Antonio Vivaldi arose. After Baroque was the Classical period o music which was characterized by singable melodies with an accompaniment and a homophonic texture. The voice-like melodies during this period allowed the replacement of singers in operas by instrumental music (Merker, 2000). Musical forms such as sonata, symphony and concerto then dominated the musical scenes. The most prominent musician during this period was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Merker, 2000). Dramatical musical representations became popular during the Romantic period of music. This allowed the expansion of the orchestra as well as made popular concerts. Among the prominent figures in this period were Chopin, Johann Strauss II, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, and Wagner (History of Music, 2006). As technology developed, and as different cultures merge, so was the role of music. With globalization allowing its easier dissemination, music was not limited to clubs and concerts. Types of music became perse and music became more visual. The modern music allowed more freedom and experimentation in terms of musical styles (History of Music, 2006). Music as an Art Art is defined as mans way communicating or expressing himself to attain beauty and/or understanding of both himself and the things around him. This means that music, when used by man for expression is controlled by the composer, who is then controlled or influenced by the society, environment or context in which he belongs. This means, music as a form of art is influenced by the context in which it belongs to. Music as an art form is influenced by history and has the power to change or sway history as well. Music as a form of expression is controlled by man using its different elements and aspects of sound. These elements include melody, harmony, rhythm, tone and form. Sound aspects include pitch, timber, loudness and duration (Music, 2006). These elements and sound aspects are controlled by both the composer and the performer. During the composition and production of music, it is the composer who has the power to input his creativity towards the certain work. He or she can control almost all elements. But once the music is performed, it is the performer who has the control over the musics form. The performer could change the melody, loudness and pitch of a composition, different from what the composer may have intended, depending on what the performer chooses or how the performer wants to express the composition. During the performance, everything about how the composition is to be performed is the performers decision to make and the composer would not have any control however precise the composition is. This is termed as the interpretation. In terms of expression, art genres such as jazz and blues could be considered more artistic as it gives the artist more freedom to improvise. In these genres, artists have more control the melody, harmony and the rhythmic framework of the composition (Owen, 2000). Among all types, it is that with the most freedom of improvisation that is considered of greatest artistry and this involves of course the spontaneity of thought during the performance itself. This is art in music with the performer in focus (Owen, 2000). If the composers art is to be emphasized, the music should be looked at in terms of its processes. These processes are what create the music that the performer is to make. This is what involves the elements of music which creates the sounds. To understand more effectively the art and construction of music, the elements and sound aspects are used. The most common tool used in judging the quality of a musical composition is rhythm which is the process in which music occurs in time (Music, 2006). The creation of sounds varies from composer to composer depending on their styles, tastes and their own personal biases and influences. But usually, the process or composition of music is judged based on the examination of the elements of music as described in the practice in Western Classical music, now involving more common methods such as the African Jazz and rap music (Music, 2006). The Art in music is in musics nature itself. As a form of expression, the art in music is in its elements and in the processes in which the artists, particularly the composers and performers are able to manipulate it for their own purposes. Summary Different cultures had different variations in musical styles. Other than the cultural aspect, music also varied from different periods from the use of instruments and techniques to the use of music as well. Music has been shaped by mans history and culture and likewise, it has contributed to the development of mans culture as well especially since it has been considered not only as a form of entertainment and ceremonies but for propaganda as well. We can see this particularly in the medieval times when the power of the Roman Catholic Church was at its peak and even in the modern times when it is being used in political campaigns and in music videos promoting pop culture and sometimes subtly implying idealism and reform. These have been entirely possible since undoubtedly, music is a mode of expressionan art form where each element could be manipulated to produce a certain effect and meaning. Today, its influence cannot be denied given the technology and ease in which it can be disseminated. Works Cited History of music. (2006, December 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:04, December 10, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_music&oldid=92546657 Merker, Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. US:The MIT Press. Music. (2006, December 10). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:08, December 11, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music&oldid=93358182 Owen, Harold (2000). Music Theory Resource Book. UK: Oxford University Press.

Real everyday talk Essays

Real everyday talk Essays Real everyday talk Essay Real everyday talk Essay Essay Topic: Talk This extract of Bridget Joness Diary by Helen Fielding takes place at a party, which in the story, Bridget had been informed was a Tarts and Vicars party. This shows that the conversation is very much public as there are a number of other people around, including the 3 people in the conversation, Bridget, her Aunt Una and Uncle Geoff. The relationship between the speakers is familial yet distant. The language used is very much formal language, despite the informal setting, portraying the upper-middle class the characters are from.This style of language, in this situation particularly, can also show unease, as Bridget has been ridiculed and it is Unas fault. This mirrors everyday talk very well, as people often use a more formal tone when faced with a difficult situation such as this. Una has the most turns in the extract, and also appears to have the power, as she sets the agenda at the beginning of the extract with the line Bridget! Super to see you. This shows immediately that they have a reasonably close relationship as she addresses Bridget by her first name.The fact that she is hosting the party also gives her power from the beginning. Bridget has only three turns in the extract, showing her embarrassment by speaking only when necessary such as when she is asked a question. Where is he? He had to work. This approach of a number of interrogatives re-enforces Unas character and also means she is setting the agenda of the conversation. The declarative used by Bridget, also has some connotations around it. The force of the utterance is that her boyfriend is at work, where as the sense is that he was not present at the party.The mode of address when Una says Geoffrey again adds to the social element of the extract, showing the class background, and Fielding is mimicking this class and the pragmatics around it through the language, particularly at the beginning of the extract where Una says Have a Pimms, as this is often seen as a very upper class drink. Una orders Geoff about, and this is typical of everyday speech, as men are often shown as being incapable of organising anything! The last question- answer pair How are we going to marry you off at this rate? At this rate Im going to end up as a call girl, is effectively an incomplete adjacency pair as Bridget mutters her dialogue under her breath and does not directly address her uncle. The style of the language in the extract is very much colloquial and light hearted, while still using Standard English Didnt you telephone Bridget? . The line Super to see you is jovial, portraying characteristics yet the connotations around the word super are still of a very upper class sociolect.Geoffrey also uses a number of rhetorical questions, such as Thats not a very good excuse, is it? and How are we going to get you married off at this rate? The latter of these two examples is intended as a rhetorical question, yet Bridget answers, albeit to herself. Bridget is quite blunt in this extract, adding to her emotions and character to show her awkwardness. The use of the fillers you see and oh dear by Una when explaining the situation to Bridget emphasise again her squirming nature.

Artificial System Of Sand Is Also Called The Mechanism Sand Essay Example for Free

Artificial System Of Sand Is Also Called The Mechanism Sand Essay The Anatolian Peninsula, Also Called Asia Minor, Is Bounded By The Black Sea To The North, The Mediterranean Sea†¦ Anatolian peninsula, also called Asia Minor, is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Sea of†¦ Premium Literature Of Region 7 Buyser-Aquino -Our Pride translated by Juliet B. Samonte -Letter to Pedro, U.S. Citezen, Also Called Pete by Rene Estella Amper -The Clay Pipe by Marcel M†¦ Premium Genres Of Literature or something and is not about that particular person or thing. * Letter to Pedro, US Citizen, Also Called Pete by Rene Amper viii. Narrative†¦ Premium An Analysis Of Letter Of Credit Operation In Nepal is an import LC while for the advising bank it is an export LC payment by means of letter of credit involves action between two banks, one in the importer’s country†¦ Premium Debate Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making TWELFTH EDITION AUSTIN J. FREELEY Late, John Carroll University DAVID L†¦ Premium It ( International Technology) to monitor all your monthly financial statements, and call the appropriate company or bank immediately to report issues. Also, review your credit report each year†¦ Premium Wwasfasf Business Driven Information Systems Paige Baltzan Daniels College of Business, University of Denver Amy Phillips Daniels College of Business, University of†¦ Premium Codendma Countries of the world Population gures are based on 2002 estimates. Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia†¦ Premium English Novelists rich and famous. Pamela is written in a form of letters (epistolary novel) and it is also called Virtue Rewarded.Clarissa Harlow†¦ Premium Faizi invested, lent, or borrowed. 8the excess of a companys assets over its liabilities. 3 a capital letter. 2adj. 1 (of an offence or charge) liable to the death penalty†¦ Premium Environmental Converrastion summary particularly if you are sending your CV to recruitment agencies where a letter may become detached. You can also call this a career aim, profile or personal†¦ Premium Ptlls Assignments generation of: batch mailings using a form letter template and an address database (also called mail merging); indices of keywords and their page†¦ Premium The Concept Of Law recognition is more like a social practice than it is like a black letter rule of any sort. He also calls this fundamental rule. To follow and engage in the social†¦ Premium Random Spreadsheet Software data is organized in rows and columns, which collectively are called a worksheet. Database Software allows you to create and manage a database†¦ Artificial System Of Sand Is Also Called The Mechanism Sand. (2016, Apr 08). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Assistant rotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assistant rotation - Essay Example I was lucky to be able to help put them in place. Then, the most important aspect about the processor is listening in order to put down on the paper. Some children’s parent did not want their kids to have fluoride, and were to follow the parent’s request. These factors included: health risk, allergy, or other medical factors. All the children behaved extremely well in the entire process. I did not have any problem performing FL to them. Subsequently, I noticed by wearing the gown, mast, and loupe might worry them a little. Because I was cheerful in the process of treatment, the children were happy to cooperate with the FLvitamin. This was because we learned about the fluoride topic in the preventive class which helped me to know how to explain simple sentient to them in order for them to understand. For me, the most important experience of this exercise was teamwork. The doctors and the assistant updated the health history for any oral lesion or cavity. We went over the paperwork and applied the FL procedure. The coordinator made sure all the documents were accurate in each block and any waste unopened FL was to be reported. In addition, I was able to take the time to interact with kids and in the process the rotation was also a great improvement on my knowledge and clinical skills. In this regard, I do not have any negative aspects to add because we all had a great experience on this wonderful

Erosion Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Erosion - Lab Report Example For instance, a young school aged boy did an experiment in his own backyard, right in the middle of the garden. He packed a mound of dirt, and his plan was to measure the affects of erosion over a twelve week period, caused by elements of the weather-the wind and the rain. When his experiment began, the mound of dirt was 42 inches wide and 19 and inches tall. The second week, the dirt mound had spread more than 2 inches outward and dropped approximately 3 inches. Each week, measurements were taken and the data was charted. Unfortunately, the experiment was never finished because it was wrecked (Riordin). Nevertheless, it showed how the elements of the weather can have a great affect on bare soiled mounds, such as the one that was constructed in the Riordin's garden. On a larger and more professional scale than that of a school boy, scientific researchers across the United States experimented with erosion. Their reason for doing so is because they wanted to understand how erosion affected different types of soil in an effort to improve agriculture. In this instance, they wanted to figure out how to best deal with the effects of erosion, while conserving water and soil at the same time. From this in depth experimentation, The Universal Soil Loss Equation was developed, which is considered by those in the field of agriculture to be one of the greatest developments in history, as it concerns the conservation of soil and water (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2009). Research began in central Utah in the year 1912 on land that was overgrazed and no longer fit for use at the time. A.W. Sampson and Associates were the ones who conducted experiments during this time and at this location. In 1917, field erosion plot research was conducted in Missouri by M. F. Miller and his other colleagues. In 1929, congress provided $160,000 of funding to erosion research, as a result of the severe drought that was faced, as well as the Dust Bowl storms that took place. As resource continued, the equation was perfected, and so were water and soil conservation methods. Today, software has been designed from this exact equation that is in use by the Department of Agriculture, as well as commercial farmers (U.S. department of Agriculture, 2009) Because we are working with stiff time constraints, we will not be able to conduct such long and drawn out experiments. We must experiment with erosion on a smaller time scale, and the experiment must take place in an environment that we can easily control. The experiment that is being conducted in this case will consist of three dirt mounds, ten inches high, that are built upon a tray lined with paper, all of them constructed differently. One dirt mound will consist of dirt that is packed together to form a sort-of mountain. The sides will be steep, and the top will be flat. The second mound will be constructed exactly the same; however, there will be a flat layer of pottery clay on top of the flat part of the mound. The third mound will be constructed in the same fashion as the other two, but this one will have grass seed planted on it. The seed will be planted on top, as well as on all sides. The dirt is to be a bit wet, but not too wet, so as to be able to properly form the mound s. All three of the mounds will be kept near a sunny window to simulate the environment of nature outdoors, as this type of environment is realistic, as it will enable the grass to grow and the artificial rain to dry up. Once all mounds are formed and the experiment

Global Sex Trade in Thailand and Dominican Republic Essay Example for Free

Global Sex Trade in Thailand and Dominican Republic Essay Prostitution which has been known as the oldest profession around the globe serves to be one of the immoral professions by most countries depending on their religion (Dr1. com, 2008). Mostly seen on developing countries, prostitution provides easy access to money as poor individuals lack enough opportunity to have better and decent jobs. Though developed countries also have prostitution on their dark streets, relative to developing countries, they have less case of prostitution or should we say discrete enough to bury this profession to the underground market. Needless to say, there have been theories explaining why developing countries have more incidence of prostitution as compared to those of the developed ones. Some market analysts say that it was all due to the intense policies that developed countries implement against prostitution while others suggests that it could be due to cultural differences between developed and developing countries. Poverty serves to be the primary reason why most people chose to enter the profession of being a prostitute. The prostitution industry greatly help the economy of most developing countries though it cannot be seen on their economic indicators since government officials do not include the income from prostitution into their GDP and GNP, rather, the benefits from the prostitution industry can be seen on the disposable income of those people that becomes prostitute. This improvement of disposable income of individuals in a given developing country would provide economic progress on its domestic market. Furthermore, prostitution also attract more tourist to visit a country thereby giving way for the rise of the concept of â€Å"Sex Tourism† which improves the national income of developing countries especially Dominican Republic and Thailand. Among those developing countries, the Dominican Republic and Thailand have rampant prostitution on the streets as compared to other countries. Incidentally, this paper aims to determine the difference between the sex tourism in Dominican Republic and Thailand as well as the respective government policies that both identified countries implements in order to combat prostitution into their country. Sex Tourism in Dominican Republic Among the countries in the Caribbean region, the Dominican Republic serves as the primary destination for female sex tourism and tagged as the â€Å"single man’s destination†. Most of the prostitutes in the Dominican Republic are still minors and roughly equal to 25,000 in number. Some of the sex tourist destination in Dominican Republic would be the Rio San Juan, Cabarete, Sosua, Laperon, and their capital city Santo Domingo which accounts to roughly 50,000 prostitute women including underage prostitutes (Paralum. com, 2008). Most of the tourists in the Dominican Republic come from developed countries like United States and United Kingdom to name a few. It is already normal to see a foreigner from a developed country being accompanied by Dominican women. Prostitution seems to be socially acceptable in the society of Dominican Republic. Like for instance, it is normal for most of the bars to have waitresses that also offers sex service to their customers as well as they also tend to dress skimpy dress in order to attract tourist to go to their bar. Local police officers just let this kind of situation in exchange for bribe from the owners of the bars and stores on the â€Å"hot spots† of Dominican Republic. Furthermore, it is not only the local police that accept bribes from the owners of bars that also offers sex service, local authorities and some top government officials do accept payments from the bar owners in exchange for the latter’s safety from lawful dilemma (O’Connell Sanchez-Taylor, 1995). Most of the bars that offers sex service in Dominican Republic can be found on its shorelines and beaches. Last 2004, around 3. 4 million vacationers went to Dominican Republic which most of them only go after the prostitution industry on the said country (Gvnet. com, 2008b). This large number of tourist that visits Dominican Republic just for some flesh are too alarming since there is a high chance for various sexual diseases to spread across the said country. It was identified that Dominican prostitutes prefer not to use condom and will have sex on their clients on two hours for just 300 Pesos (Cohen, 2006). The main reason of most Dominican prostitutes why they entered such profession would be primarily because of poverty and lack of better job opportunity in the Dominican Republic. With the increasing need for sustain their basic necessities; Dominican women have no choice but to embrace prostitution as the main source of their income. Foreigners pay higher as compared to local customers of Dominican women and girls thereby giving way for the latter to attract more foreigners as their client which at the end of the day would increase the number of foreign visitors to Dominican Republic for its sex tourism. Just like most of developing countries that suffers to rampant prostitution, the main factor that triggers Dominican women and girls to enter such profession would be poverty and lack of better job opportunities. Furthermore, aside from poverty and lack of better job opportunities, another reason why Dominican women and girls enters prostitution would be due to lax policies and regulations on the part of the Dominican government officials. Known as one of the top corrupt countries around the globe, Dominican Republic government officials tends to let the booming of sex tourism on their country in exchange for some bribe from the owners of bars, and traffickers of prostitutes in Dominican Republic. Actually, there are two types pf prostitution in Dominican Republic. The first type would be the prostitution within the Dominican Republic while the second type would be the prostitution of Dominican Women and girls to other countries like United States, United Kingdom and Netherlands to name a few. Like for instance, around 10 percent of the total visas issued to Dominicans each year are for prostitution. Furthermore, there are around 50,000 Dominican women around the globe that serves to sex industry and this is the fourth highest number in the world after Thailand, Brazil, and Philippines. The extensive corruption on the borders of Dominican Republic contributes for the easy migration of Dominican women and girls to other countries for prostitution. Despite of the fact that most government officials of Dominican Republic that are corrupt and just ignore the sex tourism in their country, there are still significant number of responsible government officials in the said country, together with concerned citizens and Non-Government Organizations that works hand in hand in combating the worsening of prostitution industry in Dominican Republic. Various policies were passed in order to minimize the incidence of prostitution in Dominican Republic like the Code of the Minors which protects the rights, welfare, and interests of children and adolescents which the government will primarily provide (Ecpat. net, 2005). This Code of the Minor should minimize the number of minor that enters the profession of prostitution Furthermore, with the increasing concern from the global community some of the Dominican Republic officials are being forced to arrest and raid areas where prostitutions houses like in motels, bars, and other â€Å"hot spots† of sex tourism from the said country. With the efforts of the United States on providing aids to Dominican Republic in combating its rampant prostitution, still, the problem remains intact on the culture and norms of every Dominican women, girls, bar owners and foreigners as there will still be government officials of the Dominican Republic that continues to accept their bribes in order to let the operation of sex industry in Dominican Republic to continue. At the end of the day, it is clear that the efforts of various organizations and foreign government are useless unless the Dominican Republic government and citizen’s itself works hand in hand for the eradication of prostitution on their country. With poverty, corruption continues to exist on the systems of Dominican Republic it would be very hard to combat prostitution on the said country as prostitution already become part of its culture and norm. Sex Tourism in Thailand One of the impressive countries in terms of economic performance in the South East Asian Region, Thailand serves as the role model of its neighboring countries when it comes to attaining high economic growth and stable foreign currency in the international market. But despite of this economic success of Thailand rests a dim profession that most foreigners go after in search of short time pleasure. Sex tourism in Thailand, just like in Dominican Republic is also rampant on its streets as teenager prostitutes, most of them are college students, walks around tourist destination searching for prospect foreigner client. Actually, it is not only sex trading that is rampant in Thailand, exploitation, sex slavery and even organ harvesting are widespread on the streets of major cities of Thailand (LoBaido, 2002). Police officers tend to accept bribes from the prostitutes and traffickers in exchange for protection. Furthermore, policemen oftentimes are the one to perform exploitation to most Thai women; rape and other inhumane acts are being are just some of the dark experiences that Thai women and girls get from the streets (Sexwork. com, 1999). During the height of 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, a lot of households suffer financially which forces teenagers from college and high school to go for prostitution in order to sustain their education and their families (Gvnet. com, 2008a). As years past, after the said Asian Financial Depression, Thailand became known for its prostitution industry internationally. Large number of foreigners is visiting Thailand just for this human-flesh trading. Most of the Thai prostitutes hang up to malls, bars, streets, and even to motels and hotels wherein most foreigners can be found (Chirgwin, 2006). On the other hand, even after the recovery of Thailand from the 1997 Asian Financial Depression, prostitution remains intact on the streets and malls of major cities of Thailand. Not because these Thai women do not have enough money for their education and for their families but rather in order for them to sustain their luxury. With the rise of Thailand’s economy, various international malls wherein branded products dominate their market starts to made Thai college students addictive to shopping. In order to maintain this addiction of Thai women, they tend to go for prostitution. Furthermore, credit card industry in Thailand in the late 1990s starts to boom which forces every citizens of Thailand to avail credit card services. With this rise of credit card services plus the addiction of most Thai women to shopping, most them already have enough reason to embrace the profession of sex trading. Cyber sex and pornographies are starting to emerge in the Thailand underground market as credit card users can easily collect their payments online. Prostitution starts to become a part of Thailand’s culture since 1990s and it is already normal for a Thai college student to become a prostitute not because she is poor but rather in order to have enough money to sustain their luxurious cost of living. Bangkok, Pattaya, Phuket and Koh Samui are just some of the sex tourist destination in Thailand. In Koh Samui alone, there were around 10,000 prostitutes living in that area. If in Dominican Republic, motel, bars and beach resorts are the â€Å"hot spots† for human-flesh trading, in Thailand it would be the malls, saunas, and massage parlors. Furthermore, as compared to Dominican Republic, there are less minor prostitutes in the Thailand underground market for most of them are college students whose age ranges from 18-22 years old enough for them not to be considered as minors. In this regard, it is therefore clear that the present reason for most Thai prostitutes nowadays is not only mainly due to poverty but also due to the commercialization that is presently happening in the domestic market of Thailand. Most of the Thai prostitutes are college students that only want to have extra money to sustain their addiction to shopping and other expensive materials, while there are still significant number of Thai prostitutes that are not students and just go for human-flesh trading due to poverty and lack of better job opportunity. Furthermore, there are some Thai prostitutes expects for financial support from the men that they sleep with instead of the traditional concept of prostitutes like in Dominican Republic wherein paying the prostitute for her service would be enough and not financially supporting her. Despite of the rampant and negative connotation of prostitution to most countries, the Thai government is presently considering the legalization of prostitution to their country in order to combat corruption on its police force and government officials. Furthermore, the said plan for the legalization of prostitution in Thailand aims for increasing government’s income as government officials plans to impose tax collection to prostitutes on their country. Last 2003, the Ministry of Justice already posed its initial step for the legalization of prostitution in Thailand. Relative to other countries, the policies regarding the eradication of prostitution in Thailand is very lax just like in Dominican Republic since, as what has been identified a while ago, the Thai government plans to legalize prostitution into their country which would further boost the sex tourism industry in Thailand. Conclusion Despite of some similarities of sex tourism in Dominican Republic and Thailand, still, there are a great number of differences between these two countries that has been able to identify during the entire discussion of this paper. The effort of the Thai government to legalize prostitution makes the gap on the difference between the sex tourism industries on both countries to increase. Dominican Republic government officials do not have any intention to legalize prostitution into their country rather intensifying their policies in order to minimize the incidence of prostitution into their country. This really suggests that the Dominican Republic do not want to combat prostitution because if they do they will surely lose significant amount of bribes from the prostitute traffickers and bar owners. The increasing influence of commercialization to the domestic market of Thailand would just fuel up the rise of prostitution on the said country. At the end of the day, poverty remains the main factor for the existence of prostitution to most developing countries around the globe. References Chirgwin, V. (2008). Fact Book on Global Sexual Exploitation: Thailand. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www. uri. edu/artsci/wms/hughes/thailand. htm Cohen, J. (2006). The Sun The Sand The Sex. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www. sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/313/5786/474 Dr1. com (2008). Dominican Republic Prostitution. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www. dr1. com/articles/prostitution. shtml Ecpat. net (2005). Child Sex Tourism in Dominican Republic. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from www. ecpat. org. uk/downloads/Dom_Rep05. pdf Gvnet. com (2008a). Kingdom of Thailand: Child Prostitution- The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://gvnet. com/childprostitution/Thailand. htm

American Philosophy Essay example -- essays research papers

John Dewey was an American psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic and political activist. He was born in Burlington, Vermont, on October 20, 1859. Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879, and received his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 1884. He started his career at the University of Michigan, teaching there from 1884 to 1888 and 1889-1894, with a one year term at the University of Minnesota in 1888. In 1894 he became the chairman of the department of philosophy, psychology, and pedagogy at the University of Chicago. In 1899, John Dewey was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and in 1905 he became president of the American Philosophical Association. Dewey taught at Columbia University from 1905 until he retired in 1930, and occasionally taught as professor emeritus until 1939. During his years at Columbia he traveled the world as a philosopher, social and political theorist, and educational consultant. Among his major journeys are his lectures in Japan and China from 1919 to 1921, his visit to Turkey in 1924 to recommend educational policy, and a tour of schools in the USSR in 1928. Of course, Dewey never ignored American social issues. He was outspoken on education, domestic and international politics, and numerous social movements. Among the many concerns that attracted Dewey's support were women's suffrage, progressive education, educator's rights, the Humanistic movement, and world peace. Dewey died in New York City on June 1, 1952. In one of John Dewey’s essay titled â€Å"What I Believe,† he goes in details about his new â€Å"faith.† Dewey explains that this new â€Å"faith† was based around individual experience and not with doctrines of authority. In Dewey’s eyes, he feels that by following a faith of authority people will soon lose their faith in the power of experience that shapes beliefs and actions. There is a line in the essay that shows Dewey’s belief that the new â€Å"faith† is based around experience not authority; â€Å"faith in its newer sense signifies that experience itself is the sole ultimate authority.† Dewey also expresses that when people start having faith in a particular religion; they believe what others are telling them and not finding real faith and beliefs through their own experiences. So people need to find faith through experiencing life and not just joining a religion because someone told... ...d James’ pragmatism talks a lot about individuals learning through experience and expands on it and talks about gaining knowledge through experience. I enjoyed learning about Emerson that most because he talks a lot about the importance of thinking for yourself and not letting people tell you what you should learn and know. I feel that Emerson was right in giving his speeches to college students about not being sucked in the society of following orders, but learning from past and present experiences to be an individual. I feel that the overall material discussed in this course was very informative and interesting to learn about. Many of the philosophers discussed the importance of being an individual and doing what you as a person believes is right. But they also discussed issues with education which is a very important topic too. I feel that education is to instructional at times too, and I feel that teachers should allow for their students to learn through experience, because I feel that leaves a bigger impact then constant instruction. So I really feel that this course taught me a lot about philosophy and a lot about how to be an individual and how to learn through experience.

Porters 5 Forces Analysis Of Communications Industry Essay

The wireless communications industry is one of the world’s sectors of the economy that is experiencing high competition due to challenges of globalization, advance in technology and diversity of customer needs. The main services that are offered in this business are; internet access, cell phone service or mobile communication, messaging, music, ring tone and video distribution among others. There are about 600 companies that are actively involved in this industry and they constitute combined annual revenue of over 110 billion US dollars. However, there are four major companies that have dominated this concentrated market fro some time and they include; Verizon, Sprint Nextel, T-mobile and AT&T. Wireless communication services owe its demand to an increase in consumer income and only those with good income can actually utilize or receive such services. Most businesses also utilize the technology and therefore the profitability of the wireless companies depends on how best they can attract these businesses, their marketing skills and their ability to come up with new innovative technologies. Porters five forces analysis has been used by many companies to analyze their position in the industry and therefore strategically position itself to handle the issue of competition. Since the issue has been identified as a major threat to the existence of the companies industry, this kind of analysis is thus suitable for companies which would like to understand their competitors, their customers, buyers, sellers, suppliers, and other stakeholders in the business.   (Porter, 1985) Threat of New Entrants Previously established wireless communication firms pose a big challenge to new companies in the market which try to exploit the new markets. Although substitute services are being offered in smaller companies, they still have to ‘beat’ one another in either way in order to create a better market share.   With known brand names and higher customer loyalty, established firms to push customers to start using their new products in the market since they have a name in the market. The new entrants need to assess the market effectively and ensure that they learn their customers very well although very few for a start and also ensure that they position themselves strategically to compete more successfully to remain in business. The established firms on the other hand need to maintain good relationships with their customers so that the competitors i.e. the new entrants may not take away their customers. This way, they rest assured that they will remain in the market for a longer time (McGahan, 2004) Power of Suppliers Due to the bargaining power of suppliers, customers in this industry have started to become sensitive to the monopoly imposed by some suppliers and also the changes in prices that affect the way they receive services or products. In most cases, suppliers tend to utilize all unique ways in order to bargain for what they want. First, they would like a company such as T-Mobile to offer hem better prices before they manipulate the customer’s price therefore ending up with huge prices. In some companies, they have become a competitive threat because when they raise their prices, the customers will tend to look for substitute services which can still satisfy their needs but a lower cost. In this industry however, the suppliers have little to influence although they can maneuver their way in the market price for certain services. (Porter, 1985) Competitive Rivalry Competition is almost everywhere today but in the wireless communication industry, it is worse. Given an improved world economy and globalization of businesses, there is rush for new customers by every company. Due to the high concentration of companies in this industry, it requires very competitive minds to venture in his business. Verizon and other companies are experiencing intensive rivalry that has benefited the consumers (Lovelock, 2006). In order to effectively handle the issue of rivalry, some companies such as verizon have resorted to joint ventures for them to increase their market potential. AT&T had a gross profit margin of 60.7% while its closet rival Verizon had 59.50%, Qwest had61.8% and Sprint Nextel had 57.60%. All these four companies, everybody will agree, face competitive rivalry amongst themselves in the business. Although AT&T has a superior value on its market capitalization, it must keep its toes in order to meet the challenge offered by Verizon. (McGahan, 2004) Power of Buyers Buyers are the most sensitive lot in any business because they influence demand, supply and even distribution. In addition, they rely mostly on quality services that satisfy their needs. Due to changes in technology, customers would like to have fast communication services, reliable internet access, accurate and reliable billing among other needs. When either the suppliers or manufacturers increase their products, they will most probably go for substitute products. Many companies allow their customers to bargain for their prices but take into consideration the competitor’s prices. When prices are low and services are of high quality, it is better for the companies. It is widely acknowledged that about 95% of wireless services go directly to the consumers and a mere 5% goes to resellers and suppliers. This indicates that, the market is getting saturated quickly and sooner or later, the companies will have no one to subscribe. It is with this in mind that companies have been employing unique marketing strategies such as the media, internet and other local stores. Since the market is easily saturated, some operators are devising ways to get customers from other companies and subscribe them. This is however difficult because it requires that the services be superior, prices are low and quality is supreme. (Lovelock, 2006) Availability of Substitutes Those alternative products that have the ability to satisfy related needs and give solutions to customers for what they want are referred to as substitute products. They reduce the potential returns for many businesses since they place a ceiling on the prices offered for services. Companies that realize that services being offered do not much the substitutes, and then they adjust their quality and prices. Fro example, AT &T can be able to challenge the service that is offered by smaller mobile phone companies that include messaging by offering high speed voice messaging. (McGahan, 2004) Customers will always be tempted to try new products to see whether they are more effective and are made to believe that the newest services on the market are the best since they are current and tested. In order to counter substitute products, a majority of the companies tend to at least market their products as effectively as possible and thereby meet their market demand. The most worrying trend in the business is the fact that substitutes products come with other services that outweigh the quality of the other ones thus cause a threat to the company. Substitutes give the sellers and the users a variety of choices to choose from and making it very hard for some services to be entrenched into the market.      Reference Grant, R. (2005): Contemporary Strategy Analysis: – Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford pp 56-98 Lovelock, J. (2006): Services Marketing, People, Technology, and Strategy. New York, Prentice Hall, pp 30-33 McGahan, A. (2004): How Industries Evolve: – Principles for Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance. Harvard Business School Press, pp 3-8 Porter, M. (1985): Competitive Advantage:-Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The Free Press, New York, pp 19-43

Beyond Band of Brothers The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters

Retired US Army Major Richard â€Å"Dick† Winters’ quiet life as a civilian ended in 1992 with the release of historian Stephen Ambrose’s best-selling book titled Band of Brothers, which tells of hishis comrades’ experience serving during the World War II . The limelight on Winters increased a hundredfold when famed Hollywood director Steven Spielberg and veteran actor Tom Hanks teamed up to bring his story to tens of millions in the highly acclaimed, award-winning HBO miniseries Band of Brothers. This mass exposure transformed Winters and his companions into cultural icons for generations far removed from World War II.In his autobiographical book titled Beyond the Band of Brothers, Major Richard â€Å"Dick† Winters speaks candidly about his life during the war with Company E, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, which he commanded from Normandy to Berchtesgaden. He tells the E-Company story in his own words and shares lessons about leadership in life and death in the crucible of war. Lastly, he pays tribute to the men with whom he served his country and those who lost there lives in the battles of the Second World War. Virtually all this material is being released for the first time.This paper is divided in three sections. The first section summarizes how Winters ended up in a military career and his life with the Easy Company. The second section explains the leadership lessons that Winters gleaned from leading a band of men to survive in the bloodiest conflict of the 20th century. The Beginnings of a War Hero Fresh out of college, Dick Winters entered the United States Army on August 25, 1941 as a private to complete his one-year military service. After finishing boot camp, he stayed behind at Camp Croft, SC to assist in training newly enlisted soldiers.Any thoughts that he harbored about getting out of the army after just one year vanished with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1945. After the P earl Harbor bombing, Winters contemplated about becoming an officer. Hence, when one of his commanders asked if he was interested in attending OCS (Officers Cadets School), he grabbed the chance immediately. It is while at OCS when he met and became friends with Lewis Nixon and Harry Welsh. After cadet school, Winters was assigned to the newly formed 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR).Friction rose between Winters and the company commander Herbert Sobel. Nevertheless, Winters attributes a large part of E-Company’s success to Sobel’s training. The Easy Company When Lieutenant Meehan, Sobel's successor, was killed during the D-Day invasion in Normandy, Dick Winters became the company's new commander. He parachuted into France and assumed leadership of the Band of Brothers and was regarded as â€Å"the best combat leader in World War II† by his men. The Easy Company suffered 150% casualties while liberating Europe—an unparalleled record of bravery under fire.Winters led them through the Battle of the Bulge and into Germany, where and at a time each member was wounded. They liberated an S. S. death camp from the horrors of the Holocaust and captured Berchtesgaden, Hitler’s Alpine retreat haven. Even though it was Winters who was greatly recognized and rewarded for his actions on the battlefield, he never failed to thank or forget the men who served under him. Furthermore, Winters showed remarkable compassion and concern for his men's well being, so much that it sometimes overrode his rank's duty.In Haguenau, a second patrol was ordered over the Rhine to catch more German prisoners. Survival was next to impossible. Winters told the men that where supposed to go on the patrol to get a good nights rest. After his discharge from the U. S. Army, Major Richard Winters returned to civilian life. He worked for a while for the family firm of his wartime friend Louis Nixon. Following a brief tour of duty during the Korean War, he retu rned to Pennsylvania and embarked on a successful business career, raised a family, and lived the quiet life he had promised himself after his first day in combat.Though out this book you will find three common themes the first is what he calls the â€Å"Leadership at the Point of the Bayonet Ten Principals of Success† , which he summarizes in the last section of the book. The second is the fact that he is very humble about he success, he is very much aware that the men contributed a lot to Easy Companies success as he did, and lastly he gives credit to the men who served under him and helped make Easy Company one of the best companies on the 506th. ConclusionWinters reveals the Easy Company's story in a rich, refreshing, and more personal way than how it has been depicted in its famous HBO miniseries. From the stationing of companies in Toccoa, GA in July 1942 until its deactivation in November 1945, Winters takes us every step of Easy Company's journey, and also includes hi s comrades’ untold stories. This book also has value as a tool on leadership. It was Winters ten principals on leadership that help Easy Company grow as a company and helped Winters rise thought the ranks.It is not a mystery why these men have become the embodiment of millions of American servicemen who marched off to war as ordinary men but achieved extraordinary things. References Alexander, Larry (2005). Biggest brother: the life of Major Dick Winters, the man who led the band of brothers. New York: NAL Caliber. Anderson, Christopher (2004). Dick Winters: Reflections on the band of brothers, D-Day and leadership. American History Magazine: August Issue http://www. historynet. com/magazines/american_history/3029766. html

Free Essays on Huck Finn Matures

Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a novel that tracks the development of a young boy’s life on the Mississippi River in the late 1800’s. The Novel’s main character, Huck Finn, struggles to find and unite himself during a time when our nation divided and at a loss. Throughout the book, Huck strives to define his opinions of religion, slavery, family, and friends as he defies society’s. Huckleberry Finn as a character begins this book as a boy and ends this book as a boy; there are, however, many blaring opportunities for Huck to evolve into a much more mature individual. Huck Finn starts this book as a lost boy that has been found and miraculously saved by society (Widow Douglas). The Widow takes him in and attempts to â€Å"civilize† Huck. Huck went along with this new family but never felt quite right because he has never experienced civilization. Huck thought â€Å"it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways.† Huck’s nature is not to bath, learn, read, or be polite. He was raised in the wild and â€Å"wild† is an excellent adjective to describe Huck’s personality. Huck Finn was an uncontrollable child who was never accustom to the ways of the world or the society he was so quickly thrust in to. This aspect is naà ¯ve, this gives him a fresher, unbiased outlook on the things around him. Huck’s partner in adventure and the mentor in Huck’s moral life is an escaped slave by the name of Jim. Jim shares many of the same ambitions as Huck and they complement each other as they both attempt to grow. Huck begins to appreciate Jim and shows quite a bit of compassion, for his time. Huck acknowledges that Jim â€Å"had an uncommon level head, for a nigger.† And imagined â€Å"he must be white inside† . The racism apparent in Huck’s language is normal for the time and does not indicate a lack of respect for Jim. Huck makes a large str... Free Essays on Huck Finn Matures Free Essays on Huck Finn Matures Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a novel that tracks the development of a young boy’s life on the Mississippi River in the late 1800’s. The Novel’s main character, Huck Finn, struggles to find and unite himself during a time when our nation divided and at a loss. Throughout the book, Huck strives to define his opinions of religion, slavery, family, and friends as he defies society’s. Huckleberry Finn as a character begins this book as a boy and ends this book as a boy; there are, however, many blaring opportunities for Huck to evolve into a much more mature individual. Huck Finn starts this book as a lost boy that has been found and miraculously saved by society (Widow Douglas). The Widow takes him in and attempts to â€Å"civilize† Huck. Huck went along with this new family but never felt quite right because he has never experienced civilization. Huck thought â€Å"it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways.† Huck’s nature is not to bath, learn, read, or be polite. He was raised in the wild and â€Å"wild† is an excellent adjective to describe Huck’s personality. Huck Finn was an uncontrollable child who was never accustom to the ways of the world or the society he was so quickly thrust in to. This aspect is naà ¯ve, this gives him a fresher, unbiased outlook on the things around him. Huck’s partner in adventure and the mentor in Huck’s moral life is an escaped slave by the name of Jim. Jim shares many of the same ambitions as Huck and they complement each other as they both attempt to grow. Huck begins to appreciate Jim and shows quite a bit of compassion, for his time. Huck acknowledges that Jim â€Å"had an uncommon level head, for a nigger.† And imagined â€Å"he must be white inside† . The racism apparent in Huck’s language is normal for the time and does not indicate a lack of respect for Jim. Huck makes a large str...

International Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

International Logistics - Essay Example Most of the organizations were always maintained a good inventory of raw materials in order to sustain the production in case of a shortage of raw materials in between. Organizations were taken such precautionary measures because of their limited access to domestic and international sources of raw materials. But now globalization has opened the doors widely open for both domestic and international business and hence the access of raw material sources is not at all a problem now. Moreover the advancements in computers and internet technologies have made the task easy for organizations to despatch and procure goods in time. For the last ten years or so, the freight transportation industry has been facing new challenges such as time sensitive industrial and commercial practices as well as the globalization of markets. In response to these changes, new information related technologies have developed rapidly. (Roy, 2001)Just-In-Time procurement practices are one of the latest developments in international logistics. â€Å"Just-in-time (JIT) is defined as â€Å"a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity†.   It also has been described as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time (in other words, â€Å"just in time†).† (JUST-IN-TIME (JIT) PRODUCTION, 2006)   This paper briefly analyzes various aspects of Just-In-Time procurement practices. Freight transportation industry had faced new challenges in the last decade which affected the supply chains and logistic processes. â€Å"The first change may be attributed to the impetus towards inventory reduction which led to Just-In-Time procurement practices.† (Roy, 2001) Just-In-Time (JIT) Procurement System designed to put general purpose materials at the work places only at the time when they are actually needed. Advance procurement

The Body Gender and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Body Gender and Sexuality - Essay Example They understand on the first sight of a human and animals by their bodies. Gender is best understood by kids through moms and dads. The body parts inside and outside are almost similar. Thoughts and feelings are common for both genders. Hopes, dreams and activities in several arenas are the same for both genders. The knowledge of gender is conceived fairly well even by a school going boy or girl. It is the sexual orientation which is the complex subject for kids – in fact for the whole human race – to understand in its fullest depth. The personal wishes, desires, aspirations and goals manifest in establishing the sexuality of human beings. For example, consider the following statement: The baby boy is fondled and kissed in his sleep. Can we ascertain from this sentence ‘who fondled and kissed?’ Was it a father or a mother? Was it by a man or woman? But the baby boy would exactly find who did it. How? The way and style of fondling or kissing are best differe ntiated by the baby. Thus it is the life style in which we establish our manliness and womanliness which decides our sexuality. We the human ever like pleasure, despite the fact that the other way is also true to be faced. We wish to derive pleasure in everything including our body. This kind of bodily pleasure deriving is named sexual by many folks. But it is quite natural for any living being to derive pleasure from body. Because, it is through the senses centred in the body we are to derive pleasure. Pleasure normally is asexual. It is purely psychological. In our going after pleasure, we find pleasure often comes from the style of being rather than in any other technique. No human being can think anything out of his/her body.... (Bhattacharyya, 2002, p.82). No human being can think anything out of his/her body. Just because one is sane and healthy, his/her ideologies need not be out of body experience. Physique is always physique. But the social norms often get confused with physical and mental health issues. As we have already put pleasure derived from body is completely relished and experienced by the self/soul through senses. This is well established by one Caroline’s (who is physically disabled) encounter with a physician who poisoned her mind with a prescription that she might not have loved her husband. She had just approached the physician to get medical relief for her hip pain suffered during her sexual intercourse with her husband. The price in terms of mental pain she paid for her approaching the physician is horrible. Social crippling of the psyche is more painful than physical disablement, which is medically curable.(Shakespere, 2002, p.145) MEDICAL PERCEPTION OF BODY AND SEXUALITY: Chemic al composition of human body was described in the second half of 18th century dealt with chiefly the chemical composition of food. Different body tissues were compared with various types of food. However, the concept of reference man and reference women developed in late 19th century especially during 1970 when body composition was begun to be measured with the fat mass and fat-free mass for man and woman. While a reference man was gauged with 3% essential fat, a reference woman was found to be composed of 12% essential fat. Essential fat in women includes the fat in mammary glands and pelvic region.(Gropper et al, 2009, p.283) Medicine and chemistry thus has begun to view human body as a product of reconstruction. The analysis of

Mary Kay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mary Kay - Assignment Example One direct selling technique that was employed by Mary Kay was over-the-counter selling. After two financial years, direct sales from the two skin care products led to a 120% increase in the company’s revenue (Davies & Dewhirst, 2005). With respect to Mary Kay’s direct selling strategy, over-the-counter sales persons had to employ excellent interpersonal communication skills in enticing potential consumers to make purchases. Among the necessary requirements for Mary Kay’s direct sales persons included confidence, assertiveness, and persuasiveness (Davies & Dewhirst, 2005). In essence, most sales persons were skilled in expressing friendly demeanors and possessed in-depth knowledge on the products as a means of improving their art of persuasion. Admittedly, the 120% increase in Mar Kay’s revenue was attributable to the advantages of direct selling over other marketing strategies. Among the benefits of direct selling include enhanced customer satisfaction resulting from personalized product deliveries, and minimum marketing risks associated with positioning of products. Contrarily, direct selling strategies like those employed by Mary Kay possess certain setbacks which may include poor quality leads and inability to enhance repeat sales (Palade, 2011). Beauty Control TM is a results-oriented beauty product that allows consumers to get a clear skin within a minimum of only seven days. In essence, Beauty Control TM can be described as a new generation product that acts as a foundation for clear skin. As a new product in the market, the best marketing strategy to employ would be promotional marketing. Basically, promotional marketing entails the use of attractive sales techniques in enticing potential consumers, and influencing them to make purchases. Currently, there are multiple competitors within the beauty products market whose brand reputations are the main source of their competitive advantages in

Pollution and Encoachment of Coastal habitats in California Essay

Pollution and Encoachment of Coastal habitats in California - Essay Example Policies have been implemented that allow for greater leniency in the granting of permissions for off-shore oil drilling, and with a reduction of personnel in organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the strict guidelines that have survived are not being sufficiently enforced. The increasing number of people inhabiting areas near water sources such as rivers, lakes, streams and wetlands has caused greater pollution due to more runoff, which ultimately contributes to the pollution of harbors and bays. Polluted runoff and the occasional oil spill threaten coastal resources and often cause beach closures, resulting in risks to public health and significant impacts to local economies. With the advent of the deterioration of California’s coastal environment, some specific programs and organizations were created, such as the Critical Coastal Areas program, which delineates specific land areas of the California coast â€Å"where state, federal and local government agencies and other stakeholders have agreed to improve degraded water quality or protect exceptional coastal water quality from the threat of pollution† (CCA Draft Strategic Plan 1), and the California Coastal Commission, established in order to â€Å"protect, conserve, restore, and enhance environmental and human-based resources of the California coast and ocean for environmentally sustainable and prudent use by current and future generations† (California Coastal Commission), to name just a couple. However, the proliferation of such agencies and programs has been insufficient to curb the negative effects of pollution and encroachment by humans on natural coastal habitats. According to an assessment of California’s coastal waters done in the year 2000, 98% of the state’s estuaries and bays were unable to fully support aquatic life, more than 90% carried warnings about eating fish and shellfish, and 86% could not support

Is Mary the Theotokos?

Is Mary the Theotokos? Is Mary the Theotokos?  Does it matter? Without the Blessed Virgin Mary Christianity, would be meaningless. That Mary is Mother of God is rooted deeply in sacred scripture, and this Church doctrine has been confidently taught since the Council of Ephesus (A.D. 431), during which occurred a decisive intervention of the Churchs teaching authority on behalf of Marys divine motherhood and against the claims of Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople who stated that Mary did not give birth to God, but to an ordinary baby, called Christ, who was in some way connected to God. Consequently, Mary did not deserve to be called by the title of Theotokos, or God-bearer, but rather the meeker title of Christotokos, or bearer of Christ. To get an idea of what was happening at the time we need to take a brief look at why this controversy began and at what was being said. So, to begin, it was the primary concern of the Council of Nicaea to make it plain beyond all possibility of misunderstanding that Jesus of Nazareth, while personally distinct from the Father, is God in the fullest sense of the word. As the Creed states, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, consubstantial with the Father; it was the Churchs determination to maintain this doctrine of derived equality without deviating into either modalism or tritheism, that led her on the long intellectual pilgrimage whose goal was full understanding of that mutual interpenetration of the three divine Persons, through their union with the one divine Essence, which is denoted by the word perichoresis. Only when the divinity of the Son had been firmly established could the Church give her full attention to the fact that the Son, being God, had become man. But can there be in Christ an unconfused union of Godhead and manhood? This was the question which was to exercise the minds of theologians and throw the life of the Church into turmoil from Constantinople to Chalcedon. What the orthodox Fathers were striving to do, and what was ultimately achieved at Chalcedon, was to preserve the doctrine of unconfused Godhead and manhood of Christ against tendencies which strove, on the one hand, to unite the two terms at the cost of confusing them with each other and, on the other hand, to keep them distinct at the cost of separating them. This today may not seem to offer any special difficulty; that this is so is a sign of the triumph of Chalcedon in theological thought, but, in the fifth century it was a notion that could only be achieved at the cost of bitter controversy and schism. So, when the theologically unimaginative but critically active Nestorius became Patriarch of Constantinople everything was ready for an explosion, which came when Nestorius openly supported his chaplain Anastasius in denouncing the application to the Blessed Virgin Mary of the title Theotokos. Nestorius was an Antiochene in Christology, deeply influenced by the ideas of Theodore of Mopsuestia, and it was his clumsy, clumsily articulated elucidation of the inferences of the position of the Antiochenes that was to set light to the controversy. Quite early on Nestorius was called upon to pronounce on the suitability of Theotokos as a title of the Virgin Mary, and ruled that its correctness was doubtful unless Christotokos was added to balance it. But in getting himself around this issue Nestorius used uncontrolled language which was calculated to provoke those whose approach was different to his own. He argued that no human being could be Gods mother and no human being could give birth to God; Mary gave birth to a man not God, the instrument of divinity. God could not have been carried for nine months in a womans womb, or have been wrapped in baby-clothes, or have suffered, died and been buried. Behind the description of Mary as Theotokos, he professed to detect the Arian theory that Marys Son was human or the Apollinarian concept that the manhood was imperfect. These flare-ups of Nestorius were calculated to be confrontational. But they played into the hands of Cyril of Alexandria, Nestoriuss bitter rival. Cyril claimed to see in them as a resurgence of the theory of two sons which was rejected in the fourth century. Alarmed by this claim that Marys son was just a man, Eusebius, later to become Bishop of Dorylaeum, quickly concluded that Nestorius was trying to re-establish the adoptionism of Paul of Samosata. By exploiting this interpretation Cyril was able to secure Nestoriuss condemnation as a heretic at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Based on these judgements the traditional picture of Nestorianism as a heresy which split God/man into two distinct Persons rapidly formed itself. When Divine Scripture is about to tell of the birth of Christ from the Virgin Mary or [his] death, in no place does it appear that it puts God but either Christ or Son or Lord, because these three are indicative of the two natures, now of this and now of that, now of the one and now of the other. For example, when the Book relates unto us the birth from the Virgin, whom docs it say? God sent his Son. It says not that God sent God the Word, but it takes a name which indicates both the natures. Since the Son is man and God, it says that God sent his Son and he was born of a woman; and therein thou seest that the name is put which indicates both the natures. Thou callest [him] Son according to the birth from the blessed Virgin, for the Virgin Mother / of Christ bare the Son of God. But since the Son of God is twofold in natures, she bare not the Son of God but she bare the humanity, which is the Son because of the Son who is united thereto (Nestorius, 450 AD). The first chapter of St Johns Gospel tell us quite simply that the Word became flesh and dwelt among us. Two points need to be noticed. The first is that in Hebrew flesh and blood means not just the material part of a man in contrast with his soul, but human nature as a whole. The second is that St John does not say that the Word united flesh to himself, but that he became flesh. St Athanasius was fundamentally clear on this point. In general, however, he was quite content to think of the Incarnation as taking place through the union of human flesh to the divine Word. He took upon him our flesh, as Aaron did his robe, and assumed a body like ours, having Mary for the Mother of his body (Athanasius, 356/360). Nestorius himself never drew from his premises the conclusions which Cyril believed him to have drawn and which were drawn by some of his followers. Nor is it to be supposed that the outlook of Antiochene theology logically implied the Nestorian heresy. What is true, however, is that, while the pluralistic emphasis of Antioch made it perfectly easy to preserve the distinction of the humanity and the divinity in Christ, it made it very difficult to provide for their real union. Apollinarius had maintained the union by removing from Christs humanity one of its constituents, the rational soul, and inserting the divine Word (Logos) in its place. No Antiochene could tolerate such a mutilation; the humanity must remain entire and complete. But how then is this unity of divinity and humanity to be effected? If the humanity is complete we shall surely have a complete human individual and it will be this individual and not the divine Word (Logos) who will be the subject of Christs life. No wonder, then, the Alexandrian will reflect, that these Antiochenes refuse to call Mary theotokos; they cannot help believing that he whom she bore was not God but a man, even if God came to dwell in him after she had borne him. Whatever they may say, they believe in two Sons, one the Son of God and the other the son of Mary, however close the relation of the two may be. The clash between these points of view was fierce at first. Cyrils intervention was quick when he heard of Nestoriuss mockery of Theotokos, in refuting what he deemed gross heresy. The patriarchs exchanged some quite prickly letters without with neither of them making any significant headway. So, Pope Celestine was contacted by Cyril, who send him a dossier of extracts from Nestoriuss writings and from the declarations made on the Incarnation by the reverend fathers of past generations. Nestorius also wrote letters to Celestine and in his third he stated: I have learned that Cyril, the most distinguished bishop of the city of Alexandria, has become worried about reports against him that we received, and is now hunting for subterfuges to avoid a holy synod taking place due to these reports. In the meantime he is devising some other disturbances over terms and has chosen [as a point of controversy] the term Theotokos and Christotokos: the first he allows, but as for Christotokos, sometimes he removes it from the gospels, and sometimes he allows it, on the basis of what I believe is a kind of excessive prudence. In the case of the term Theotokos, I am not opposed to those who want to say it, unless it should advance to the confusion of natures in the manner of the madness of Apollinaris or Arius. Nonetheless, I have no doubt that the term Theotokos is inferior to the term Christotokos, as the latter is mentioned by the angels and the gospels. And if I were not speaking to Your Worship who is already so knowledgeable, I would need to give a very long discourse on this topic. But even without a discourse, it is known in every way to Your Beatitude, that if we should think that there are two groups opposed to each other, the one using only the term Theotokos, the other only Anthropotokos, and each group draws [others] to what it confesses or, if they have not accomplished this, puts [others] in danger of falling from the church, it would be necessary to assign someone to such an affair if it arises who exercises concern for both groups and heals the danger of both parties by means of the term taken from the gospels that signifies both natures. For as I said, the term Christotokos keeps the assertion of both parties to the proper limits, because it both removes the blasphemy of Paul of Samosata, who claimed that Christ the Lord of all was simply a human being, and also flees the wickedness of Arius and Apollinaris. Now I have written these very things to the most distinguished bishop of Alexandria, as Your Beatitude can tell from the copies I have attached to this letter of mine, as well as from the copies of what he wrote to us. Moreover, with Gods help it has also been agreed to announce a world-wide synod in order to inquire into the other ecclesiastical matters. For I do not think it will be difficult to investigate an uncertainty over words, and it is not a hindrance for a discussion of the divinity of Christ the Lord (Nestorius, 430) It did not take to long for Celestine to make a decision, and he called a synod in Rome in August 430 which decided against Nestorius and voted in favour of the title Theotokos. Nestorius was given a warning that, within ten days he would be treated as excommunicate unless, after receiving the notification, he retracted his teaching. The implementation of this ruling was given to Cyril and he characteristically carried out his task. He held a synod at Alexandria, afterwards sending a letter to Nestorius requiring him to subscribe to twelve anathemas. These anathemas, which were intentionally confrontational, summarise in terms which were uncompromising the Cyrilline Christology, some of which I reference here: If anyone does not confess that Emmanuel is God in truth, and therefore that the holy virgin is the mother of God (for she bore in a fleshly way the Word of God become flesh, let him be anathema. If anyone does not confess that the Word from God the Father has been united by hypostasis with the flesh and is one Christ with his own flesh, and is therefore God and man together, let him be anathema. If anyone divides in the one Christ the hypostases after the union, joining them only by a conjunction of dignity or authority or power, and not rather by a coming together in a union by nature, let him be anathema. If anyone distributes between the two persons or hypostases the expressions used either in the gospels or in the apostolic writings, whether they are used by the holy writers of Christ or by him about himself, and ascribes some to him as to a man, thought of separately from the Word from God, and others, as befitting God, to him as to the Word from God the Father, let him be anathema. If anyone dares to say that Christ was a God-bearing man and not rather God in truth, being by nature one Son, even as the Word became flesh, and is made partaker of blood and flesh precisely like us, let him be anathema. If anyone says that the Word from God the Father was the God or master of Christ, and does not rather confess the same both God and man, the Word having become flesh, according to the scriptures, let him be anathema. If anyone says that as man Jesus was activated by the Word of God and was clothed with the glory of the Only-begotten, as a being separate from him, let him be anathema. If anyone dares to say that the man who was assumed ought to be worshipped and glorified together with the divine Word and be called God along with him, while being separate from him, (for the addition of with must always compel us to think in this way), and will not rather worship Emmanuel with one veneration and send up to him one doxology, even as the Word became flesh, let him be anathema. (Alexandria, 430). This union of two natures in the one divine Person of Christ is called the hypostatic or personal union. It is the mystery of the Incarnation of God; it is also the mystery of the divine Motherhood of Mary. Cyril also said in this letter: Therefore, because the holy virgin bore in the flesh God who was united hypostatically with the flesh, for that reason we call her mother of God, not as though the nature of the Word had the beginning of its existence from the flesh (for the Word was in the beginning and the Word was God and the Word was with God, and he made the ages and is coeternal with the Father and craftsman of all things), but because, as we have said, he united to himself hypostatically the human and underwent a birth according to the flesh from her womb. This was not as though he needed necessarily or for his own nature a birth in time and in the last times of this age, but in order that he might bless the beginning of our existence, in order that seeing that it was a woman that had given birth to him united to the flesh, the curse against the whole race should thereafter cease which was consigning all our earthy bodies to death, and in order that the removal through him of the curse, In sorrow thou shalt br ing forth children, should demonstrate the truth of the words of the prophet: Strong death swallowed them Up, and again, God has wiped every tear away from all face. It is for this cause that we say that in his economy he blessed marriage and, when invited, went down to Cana in Galilee with his holy apostles (Alexandria, 430). A letter was issued by Theodosius summoning a general council to meet at Ephesus at Pentecost 431, with an astonishing medley of rival meetings taking place before the event. Recognised as the Third General Council Ephesus was effective in that Nestorius was never rehabilitated, dying in exile in 451. Its more positive achievement was to canonize the Nicene creed as establishing orthodoxy. In the two years following Ephesus strenuous efforts were made to heal the divisions in the Church. The instrument of agreement, known as the Formula of Reunion, was contained in a letter sent by John of Antioch to Cyril, it ran as follows: We confess, therefore, our Lord Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, perfect God and perfect man composed of a rational soul and body, begotten before the ages from the Father in respect of His divinity, but likewise in these last days for us and our salvation from the Virgin Mary in respect of His manhood, consubstantial with the Father in respect of His divinity and at the same time consubstantial with us in respect of His manhood. For the union(henosis) of two natures has been accomplished. Hence we confess one Christ, one Son, one Lord. In virtue of this conception of a union without confusion we confess the holy Virgin as Theotokos because the divine Word became flesh and was made man and from the very conception united to Himself the temple taken from her. As for the evangelical and apostolic statements about the Lord, we recognise that theologians employ some indifferently in view of the unity of person but distinguish others in view of the duality of natures, applying the God-befitting ones to Christs divinity and the humble ones to His humanity (Antioch, 433). Cyril greeted this formulary with enthusiasm in his letter to John Laetentur coeli. Which was read out at the Council of Chalcedon, part of which I now cite: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We confess, therefore, our Lord Jesus Christ, the Only Begotten Son of God, perfect God, and perfect Man of a reasonable soul and flesh consisting; begotten before the ages of the Father according to his Divinity, and in the last days, for us and for our salvation, of Mary the Virgin according to his humanity, of the same substance with his Father according to his Divinity, and of the same substance with us according to his humanity; for there became a union of two natures. Wherefore we confess one Christ, one Son, one Lord. According to this understanding of this unmixed union, we confess the holy Virgin to be Mother of God; because God the Word was incarnate and became Man, and from this conception he united the temple taken from her with himselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chalcedon, 451). After these early great councils of the Church feasts to The Blessed Virgin increased, lots of churches were dedicated to her and in the latter part of the seventh century four new feasts to Mary had started to be celebrated; the Annunciation, the Assumption, the Purification, and the Nativity of The Blessed Virgin Mary. With Pius IX promulgation of the Immaculate Conception in 1854 devotion to our Blessed Lady accelerated, and many appearances of the Blessed Virgin took place. And also at this time many Marian customs grew which included Maytime processions, the wearing of the Miraculous Medal and the Rosary. 1962 saw a major change which happened with Vatican II grounding more firmly in Scripture and liturgy devotion to Mary placing The Blessed Virgin securely in the mystery of the Church. The truth of the Blessed Virgin Marys divine Motherhood and its corresponding dignity are found in these words of the Second Vatican Council: The Virgin Mary, who at the message of the angel received the Word of God in her heart and in her body and gave Life to the world, is acknowledged and honoured as being truly the Mother of God and Mother of the Redeemer. Redeemed by reason of the merits of her Son and united to Him by a close and indissoluble tie, she is endowed with the high office and dignity of being the Mother of the Son of God, by which account she is also the beloved daughter of the Father and the temple of the Holy Spirit. Because of this gift of sublime grace, she far surpasses all creatures, both in heaven and on earth. At the same time, however, because she belongs to the offspring of Adam she is one with all those who are to be saved (Lumen Gentium, 53). The mark of our Blessed Ladys holiness is that she was filled with the grace of God. The Blessed Virgin is the pattern to follow. Giving herself completely with love she was filled with the life of God. Marys Yes to the angels message reveals her part in the work of salvation. And the Angel said: Fear not, Maryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the Holy Spirit shall come upon you, and the power of the most High shall overshadow you, and therefore the Holy which shall be born of you shall be called the Son of God (Luke 1:26-35). These are the words of the great mystery of Marys divine motherhood heralded by the angel in Lukes Gospel, their straightforwardness is persuasive as they announce the origin of our religion. In the beginning, they inspired triumphant faith, the faith of the martyrs and the Saints. The faith which will continue to inspire all Christians to the end of time.